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Signal generators are electronic devices that generate repeating or non-repeating electronic signals (in either the analog or digital domains). They are also called as function generators, RF and microwave signal generators, pitch generators, arbitrary waveform generators, digital pattern generators or frequency generators. They are used in testing, troubleshooting, designing, and
repairing electronic or electroacoustic devices. The signal generator is exactly what its name implies: a generator of signals used as a stimulus for electronic measurements. Most circuits require some type of input signal whose amplitude varies over time. The signal may be a true bipolar AC1 signal (with peaks oscillating above and below a ground reference point) or it may vary over a range of DC offset voltages, either positive or negative. It may be a sine wave or other analog function, a digital pulse, a binary pattern or a purely arbitrary wave shape. The signal generator can provide “ideal” waveforms or it may add known, repeatable amounts and types of distortion (or errors) to the signal it delivers. Most signal generators today are based on digital technology. Many can fulfill both analog and digital requirements, although the most efficient solution is usually a source whose features are optimized for the application at hand — either analog or digital.
Arbitrary waveform generators (AWG) and function generators are aimed primarily at analog and mixed-signal applications. Digital waveform generators (logic sources) encompass two classes of instruments. Pulse generators drive a stream of square waves or pulses from a small number of outputs, usually at very high frequencies. These tools are most commonly used to exercise high-speed digital equipment. Pattern generators, also known as data generators or data timing generators, typically provide 8, 16, or even more synchronized digital pulse streams as a stimulus signal for computer buses, digital telecom elements, and more.
General packet radio service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile data service on the 2G and 3G cellular communication system's global system. It is used for mobile communications (GSM). In response to the earlier CDPD and i-mode packet-switched cellular technologies, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) standardized GPRS. It is now maintained by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). GPRS extends the GSM Packet circuit switched data capabilities making possible SMS messaging and broadcasting, internet access, Multimedia messaging service (MMS), Push to talk over cellular (PoC), Instant messaging and presence—wireless village, Internet applications for smart devices through wireless application protocol (WAP), Point-to-point (P2P) service: inter-networking with the Internet (IP) and Point-to-Multipoint (P2M) service: point-to-multipoint multicast and point-to-multipoint group calls.
GPRS supports Internet protocol IP, Point-to-point protocol (PPP) and X.25 connections. When TCP/IP is used, each phone can have one or more IP addresses allocated. GPRS will store and forward the IP packets to the phone even during handover. The TCP handles any packet loss (e.g. due to a radio noise induced pause).
The maximum speed of a GPRS connection offered in 2003 was similar to a modem connection in an analog wire telephone network, about 32–40 kbit/s, depending on the phone used. GPRS runs at speeds up to 115 kbit/s, compared with current GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) systems' 9.6 kbit/s.
The GPRS core network is the central part of the general packet radio service (GPRS) which allows 2G, 3G and WCDMA mobile networks to transmit IP packets to external networks such as the Internet.
Technology | Download (kbit/s) | Upload (kbit/s) | TDMA Timeslots allocated (DL+UL) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CSD | 9.6 | 9.6 | 1+1 | |||
HSCSD | 28.8 | 14.4 | 2+1 |
|||
HSCSD | 43.2 | 14.4 | 3+1 |
|||
GPRS | 80.0 | 20.0 (Class 8 & 10 and CS-4) | 4+1 |
|||
GPRS | 60.0 | 40.0 (Class 10 and CS-4) | 3+2 |
|||
EGPRS (EDGE) | 236.8 | 59.2 (Class 8, 10 and MCS-9) | 4+1 |
|||
EGPRS (EDGE) | 177.6 | 118.4 (Class 10 and MCS-9) | 3+2 |
Microsoft Corporation (NASDAQ: MSFT) is the world's largest software maker by revenue, with $58.43 billion of revenue in FY2009. While jointly developing a new OS with IBM in 1984, OS/2, Microsoft released Microsoft Windows, a graphical extension for MS-DOS, on November 20. Windows not only continues to dominate its rivals in operating systems but is also growing market share. Co-founded in 1975 by Bill Gates and Paul Allen, Microsoft Corporation has built a dominant position the computer industry. Today, multi-national Microsoft remains at the head of the industry, its
desktop operating system market share exceeding 90% and its global
annual revenue of more than $44 billion.
Annual Financial Data, in millions | FY2005 | FY2006 | FY2007 | FY2008 | FY2009 | |||
Revenue | $39,788.0 | $44,282.0 | $51,122.0 | $60,420.0 | $58,437.0 | |||
Gross Profit | $33,588.0 | $36,632.0 | $40,429.0 | $48,822.0 | $46,819.0 | |||
Operating Income | $14,561.0 | $16,472.0 | $18,524.0 | $22,492.0 | $20,363.0 | |||
Net Income | $12,599.0 | $14,065.0 | $17,681.0 | $14,569.0 | $16,258.0 | |||
The technology industry provides the basis for chip production,
information and communication systems, and computer systems.
Communication systems provide voice, data, and video communication
solutions and services to companies, organizations, and governments.
- 3Com
- 3D Systems
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- ADPT Corp.
- AMICAS
- ANADIGICS
- ANSYS
- ARGON ST
- ARM Holdings
- ASAT Holdings
- ASE Test
- ASM International N.V.
- ASML Holding N.V.
- ASTROTECH CORP.
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- Aladdin Knowledge Systems
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- Applied Materials
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- AsiaInfo Holdings
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- Atari SA
- Atheros Communications
- Atmel
- Audible
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- Automatic Data Processing
- Avanex
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- Avocent
- Axcelis Technologies
- Axsys Technologies
- BE Aerospace
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- BTU International
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- Banco Santander
- Beckman Coulter
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- Best Buy
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- Black Box
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- BladeLogic Inc.
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- Boeing Company
- Bookham
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- Broad Line Semiconductors
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- Brocade Communications Systems
- Brocade Communications Systems (Foundry Networks)
- Brooks Automation
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- C.R. Bard
- CA
- CAE
- CAM Commerce Solutions
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- CDC Corporation
- CEPHEID
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- CGI Group
- CMGI
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- CPI Aerostructures
- CSP
- Cabot Microelectronics
- Cadence Design Systems
- California Micro Devices
- Caliper Life Sciences
- CallWave
- Callidus Software
- Camtek
- Canadian Solar
- Catalyst Semiconductor
- Catapult Communicatons
- Cavium Networks
- Celestica
- Cell Phone Manufacturers
- Ceres Power Holdings PLC
- Cerner
- Check Point Software Technologies
- China Mobile (Hong Kong)
- China Sunergy
- China Technology Development Group
- ChipMOS TECHNOLOGIES (Bermuda)
- Chordiant Software
- Ciber
- Cimatron
- Ciprico
- Circuit City Stores
- Cirrus Logic
- Cisco Systems
- Citrix Systems
- Clarient
- ClickSoftware Technologies
- Cogent Inc
- Cognex
- Cognizant Technology Solutions
- Cohu
- CommVault Systems
- Computer Based Systems
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- Computer Task Group
- Computers Wholesale
- Compuware
- Comverge
- Concur Technologies
- Concurrent Computer
- Consumer Equipment
- Convera
- Convergys
- Corel
- Corning
- Cray Inc
- Creative Technology
- Credence Systems
- Cree
- Crown Cork & Seal Company
- Cryptologic
- Cubic
- Curtiss-Wright
- CyberOptics
- CyberSource
- Cymer
- Cypress Semiconductor
- DDi
- DRI Corporation
- DRS Technologies
- DST Systems
- Dassault Systemes, S.A.
- Data Domain Inc.
- Data I/O
- Data Storage Devices
- Datalink
- Dataram
- Datawatch
- DayStar Technologies
- DayStar Technologies
- DealerTrack Holdings
- Dell
- Deltathree
- Descartes Systems Group
- Digi International
- Digimarc
- Digital Ally
- Digital River
- Dimension Data Holdings
- Diodes
- Dionex
- Dish Network
- DivX
- Document Sciences
- Dot Hill Systems
- Double-Take Software
- Drugstore.com
- Ducommun
- Dun & Bradstreet
- Dynamics Research
- E-Commerce China Dangdang
- E-Future Information Technology
- EADS NV
- EBay
- EDCI Holdings, Inc.
- ELong
- EMC
- EMCORE
- EPIQ Systems
- EPlus
- ESS Technology
- Eagle Test Systems
- Eastman Kodak Company
- Ebix
- Echelon
- Eclipsys
- Edgewater Technology
- Elbit Systems
- Elecsys
- Electro-Sensors
- Electroglas
- Electronic Arts
- Electronic Data Systems
- Electronics for Imaging
- Eltek
- Emageon
- Embraer-Empresa Brasileira de Aeronautica
- Emulex
- En Pointe Technologies
- Energy Conversion Devices
- Entegris
- Entrust
- Epicor Software
- Ericsson B
- Esterline Technologies
- Etrials Worldwide
- Evans & Sutherland Computer
- Evolving Systems
- Exar
- Excel Technology
- Extreme Networks
- F5 Networks
- FARO Technologies
- FEI Company
- FLIR Systems
- FOCUS Enhancements
- FSI International
- FUJIFILM Holdings
- FactSet Research Systems
- Fairchild Semiconductor International
- FalconStor Software
- Fiber Optics
- Finisar
- First Solar
- Flextronics International
- Flight Safety Technologies
- Forgent Networks
- FormFactor
- Formula Systems (1985)
- Foundry Semiconductors
- Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
- Fujikura
- Fundtech
- Futuremedia Public Limited Company
- GSE Systems
- GSI Group
- GSI Technology
- GTSI
- GTX
- Garmin
- Geeknet, Inc.
- General Electric Company
- General Electric Company (GE Energy Infrastructure)
- General Electric Company (GE Technology Infrastructure)
- Giga-tronics
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- Global Traffic Network
- Global X China Technology ETF (CHIB)
- GlobeOp Financial Services
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- Glu Mobile
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- Goodrich Corporation
- Guidance Software
- HLTH
- Halifax
- Harris Interactive
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- Hawk
- Healthcare Information Services
- Heico
- Helios & Matheson North America
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- Herley Industries
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- Hexcel
- Hi-Shear Technology
- Hi/fn
- HiSoft Technology Int'l
- Himax Technologies
- Hittite Microwave
- Homeland Integrated Security Systems
- Hon Hai Precision Industries
- Hurco Companies
- Hurray! Holding
- Hutchinson Technology
- Hybrid and Fuel Cell Vehicles
- I2 Technologies Inc.
- IBasis
- IGATE
- IHS
- ILOG S.A.
- ILinc Communications
- IMERGENT
- INX
- IPG Photonics
- IPass
- IRIS International
- ISCO INTERNATIONAL
- IXYS
- Ibis Technology
- Icad
- Image Sensing Systems
- ImageWare Systems
- Imation
- Immersion
- Immunicon
- InFocus
- InTest
- IncrediMail
- Infineon Technologies
- Informatica
- Information & Delivery Services
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- Infosys Technologies
- Ingram Micro
- Innodata Isogen
- Innovative Solutions and Support
- Insightful
- Integral Systems
- Integrated Circuits
- Integrated Device Technology
- Integrated Silicon Solution
- Intel
- Intelli-Check
- Intelligent Systems
- InterVoice
- Interactive Data
- Interactive Intelligence
- Intermec Inc.
- Internap Network Services
- International Business Machines
- International Business Machines (Cognos (COGN))
- International Rectifier
- Internet Capital Group
- Internet Software & Services
- Interphase
- Intersil
- Interwoven
- Intraware
- Intuit
- Inverness Medical Innovations
- Iomega
- Irvine Sensors
- Isilon Systems
- Iteris
- Itron
- Ixia
- J2 Global Communications
- JA Solar Holdings,
- JDA Software Group
- Jabil Circuit
- Jack Henry & Associates
- Jazz Technologies
- Johnston Press
- Jupitermedia
- K-Tron International
- KLA-Tencor
- Kaman
- Keithley Instruments
- Kenexa
- Kewaunee Scientific
- Key Tronic
- Keynote Systems
- Kintera
- Konami
- Koninklijke Philips Electronics
- Kreisler Manufacturing
- LMI Aerospace
- LSI Logic
- LTX
- LaBarge
- Lam Research
- Lantronix
- LaserCard
- Lawson Software
- Leadis Technology
- Lenovo Group
- Lexmark International
- LightPath Technologies
- Linear Technology
- Lionbridge Technologies
- Liquidity Services
- Lockheed Martin
- Logic Devices
- LogicVision
- Logitech International S.A.
- NCI
- NCR
- NEC
- NIC
- NMS Communications
- NVE
- NVIDIA
- Nan Ya Printed Circuit Board
- Nanometrics
- Napster
- National Instruments
- National Semiconductor
- Navarre
- NaviSite
- NeoMagic
- Ness Technologies
- Nestor
- NetLogic Microsystems
- NetManage
- NetScout Systems
- NetSol Technologies
- NetSuite
- Netease.com
- Netlist
- Network Appliance
- Network Engines
- Network Equipment Technologies
- NewMarket Technology Inc
- Nexsan
- Nice Systems
- Nikon Corporation
- Ninetowns Internet Technology Group Company
- Nintendo
- Nokia
- Nokia (NAVTEQ CORP (NVT))
- Northrop Grumman
- Novatel Wireless
- Novell
- Novellus Systems
- Nuance Communications
- Nyfix Millenium
- NCI
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- NEC
- NIC
- NMS Communications
- NVE
- NVIDIA
- Nan Ya Printed Circuit Board
- Nanometrics
- Napster
- National Instruments
- National Semiconductor
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- NaviSite
- NeoMagic
- Ness Technologies
- Nestor
- NetLogic Microsystems
- NetManage
- NetScout Systems
- NetSol Technologies
- NetSuite
- Netease.com
- Netlist
- Network Appliance
- Network Engines
- Network Equipment Technologies
- NewMarket Technology Inc
- Nexsan
- Nice Systems
- Nikon Corporation
- Ninetowns Internet Technology Group Company
- Nintendo
- Nokia
- Nokia (NAVTEQ CORP (NVT))
- Northrop Grumman
- Novatel Wireless
- Novell
- Novellus Systems
- Nuance Communications
- Nyfix Millenium
- O. I.
- O2Micro International
- ON Semiconductor
- OPNET Technologies
- OSI Systems
- OYO Geospace
- Occam Networks
- OmniVision
- Omnicell
- Omniture
- Omtool
- On Track Innovations
- Online Resources
- Onvia
- Open Text
- Open Text (Captaris (CAPA))
- OpenEye Scientific Software
- OpenTV
- Openwave Systems
- Oplink Communications
- Opnext
- Optibase
- Oracle
- Oracle (BEA Systems (BEAS))
- Orbital Sciences
- Orbotech
- Orion HealthCorp
- Overland Storage
- Overstock.com
- Oxford Instruments PLC
- PDF Solutions
- PLX Technology
- PMC - Sierra
- PSi Technologies Holdings
- PSivida
- PacificNet
- Packeteer
- Park Electrochemical
- ParkerVision
- Patni Computer Systems
- Peerless Systems
- Pegasystems
- Perceptron
- Perficient
- Performance Technologies
- Pericom Semiconductor
- PerkinElmer
- Pervasive Software
- Phoenix Technologies
- Photon Dynamics
- Pinnacle Data Systems
- Pixelplus
- Pixelworks
- Planar Systems
- Plantronics
- Plexus
- Polycom
- Pomeroy IT Solutions
- Printed Circuit Boards
- Processing Systems & Products
- Progress Software
- ProxyMed
- QAD
- QLogic
- Qiagen N.V.
- Qimonda AG
- Qlik Technologies
- QuadraMed
- Quality Systems
- Quantum Corporation
- Quest Software
- QuickLogic
- QuinStreet
- RADVision
- RAE Systems
- RF Micro Devices
- RFID
- Rackable Systems
- Rackspace Hosting
- RadiSys
- Radiant Systems
- Radioshack
- Radware
- Rambus
- Ramtron International
- Raven Industries
- Raytheon Company
- RealD
- RealNetworks
- Red Hat
- Renaissance Learning
- Renren Inc.
- Research in Motion
- Retalix
- RightNow Technologies
- Rimage
- Riverbed Technology
- Rock Band vs. Guitar Hero
- Rockwell Collins
- Rofin-Sinar Technologies
- Rudolph Technologies
- S1
- SAP AG
- SAP AG (Business Objects S.A)
- SCI Engineered Materials Inc
- SCM Microsystems
- SI International
- SIFCO Industries
- SMART Modular Technologies (WWH)
- SMART Technologies
- SMTC
- SPSS
- SRA International
- SRS Labs
- STATS ChipPAC
- STEC
- STMicroelectronics N.V.
- SYNERGX Systems
- Saba Software
- Salary.com
- SanDisk
- Sanmina-SCI
- Sanyo
- Sapiens International Corporation N.V.
- Sapient
- SatCon Technology
- SatCon Technology (SATC)
- Satyam Computer Services
- ScanSource
- Schmitt Industries
- Scientific & Technical Instruments
- Scientific Games
- Scientific Learning
- SeaChange International
- Seagate Technology Holdings
- Sector 10
- Secure Computing
- Security Software
- Select Sector SPDR Fund - Technology
- Selectica
- Semiconductor - Equipment & Materials
- Semiconductor Manufacturing International
- Semitool
- Semotus Solutions
- Semtech
- Sensata Technologies
- Sento
- Shanda Interactive Entertainment
- Sharp Corporation
- SiRF Technology Holdings
- Siemens AG
- SigmaTron International
- Silgan Holdings
- Silicon Image
- Silicon Laboratories
- Silicon Storage Technology
- Siliconware Precision Industries Company
- Simtek
- Simulations Plus
- Sina
- SkillSoft
- Skyworks Solutions
- Smith & Wesson Holding
- Smith Micro Software
- Soapstone Networks
- Socket Mobile, Inc.
- SoftBrands
- Software AG
- oftware AG (WebMethods (WEBM))
- Sohu.com
- Solar Cell Manufacturers
- Solarfun Power Holdings
- Solera Holdings
- Sonic Foundry
- Sonic Solutions
- SonicWALL
- Sony
- Sourcefire
- Spansion
- Specialized Semiconductors
- Spirent Communications
- Spirit Aerosystems Holdings
- Sprint Nextel
- Standard Microsystems
- Stanley
- SteelCloud
- StockerYale
- Stratasys
- Streamline Health Solutions
- Sun Microsystems
- Sunair Services
- Suntron
- Super Micro Computer
- Supertex
- SupportSoft
- Sutron
- Sybase
- Sycamore Networks
- Sykes Enterprises
- Symantec
- Synaptics
- Synchronoss Technologies
- Synopsys
- Synplicity
- Syntel
- Sypris Solutions
- System Software
- TERADATA CORP
- THQ
- TIBCO Software
- TRX
- TSO3
- TSR
- TTI Team Telecom International
- TTM Technologies
- TVI
- TVIA
- Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company
- Take-Two Interactive Software
- Taleo
- Tata Consultancy Services
- Tech Data
- Tech/Ops Sevcon
- TechTeam Global
- Technology Solutions Company
- Techwell
- Tegal
- Tekelec
- Tel-Instrument Electronics
- TeleCommunication Systems
- Teledyne Technologies
- Telvent GIT, S.A.
- Tencent HLDG
- Teradyne
- Terremark Worldwide
- Tessera Technologies
- Texas Instruments
- ThinkEngine Networks
- Tier Technologies
- Todd Shipyards
- Top Image Systems
- Toshiba
- Tower Semiconductor
- Towerstream Corporation
- Trans-Lux
- TransAct Technologies
- Transcat
- Transdigm Group
- Transmeta
- Trend Micro
- TriQuint Semiconductor
- TriZetto Group
- Trident Microsystems
- Trimble Navigation
- Trina Solar
- Trinity Mirror PLC
- Trintech Group
- Trio-Tech International
- Tripos
- Triumph Group
- Tumbleweed Communications
- Tyler Technologies
- Ubisoft Entertainment SA
- Ultimate Software Group
- Ultra Clean Holdings
- Ultratech
- Under Armour
- Unica
- Unisys
- United Industrial
- United Microelectronics
- Universal Display
- VASCO Data Security International
- VMware Inc.
- Valpey Fisher
- VanceInfo
- Varian
- Varian Semiconductor Equipment Associates
- Veeco Instruments
- VeriSign
- Verigy
- Versant
- Vicon Industries
- Vimicro International
- Virage Logic
- ViryaNet
- Visicu
- Vital Images
- Vocus
- Vodafone Group
- Volterra Semiconductor
- Voxware
- Vp PLC
- Waters Corp
- Wave Systems
- Wayside Technology Group
- Websense
- Webzen
- Western Digital
- White Electronic Designs
- Wind River Systems
- Winland Electronics
- Wipro
- Wireless Facilities
- Wireless Ronin Technologies
- Wireless Telecom Group
- Wizzard software
- Workstream
- Wright Express
- XATA
- XM Satellite Radio Holdings (Bears)
- Xerox
- Xilinx
- Xyratex
- Youku.com
- Yucheng Technologies
- Zebra Technologies
- ZiLOG
- Zix
- Zoran
- Zygo
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